---
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title: "I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life"
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# I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life

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The New York Times Bestseller From Pulitzer Prize winner Ed Yong , a groundbreaking, wondrously informative, and vastly entertaining examination of the most significant revolution in biology since Darwin—a “microbe’s-eye view” of the world that reveals a marvelous, radically reconceived picture of life on earth. Every animal, whether human, squid, or wasp, is home to millions of bacteria and other microbes. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Ed Yong, whose humor is as evident as his erudition, prompts us to look at ourselves and our animal companions in a new light—less as individuals and more as the interconnected, interdependent multitudes we assuredly are. The microbes in our bodies are part of our immune systems and protect us from disease. In the deep oceans, mysterious creatures without mouths or guts depend on microbes for all their energy. Bacteria provide squid with invisibility cloaks, help beetles to bring down forests, and allow worms to cause diseases that afflict millions of people. Many people think of microbes as germs to be eradicated, but those that live with us—the microbiome—build our bodies, protect our health, shape our identities, and grant us incredible abilities. In this astonishing book, Ed Yong takes us on a grand tour through our microbial partners, and introduces us to the scientists on the front lines of discovery. It will change both our view of nature and our sense of where we belong in it.

Review: LOVE! - “I Contain Multitudes” by Ed Yong explains in 355 pages the amazing benefit that microbes have on earth and in us. This 2016 non-fiction novel informs his readers about the world of microbes and the symbiotic relations they have with their host through a variety of examples as the author dives into the world of microbes. Ed Yong is an award winning science writer that breaks down this new small world in easy to digest layman examples to educate readers the importance of these small organisms with their host. He has traveled to many institutions and spoke the experts of various fields in the world of microbiology to understand the tremendous impact that microbes have. He mainly goes into the world of animals and their relationship with microbes, but he wonderfully connects these examples to help us understand the future of probiotics and disease in humans. As Yong goes into his examples, it is clear that the microbial world is in a delicate balance with our reality. Although he does focuses on animal, mainly humans and their relationship with microbes, he does points out that Jack Gilbert and Josh Neufeld stated if plants were don’t have any microbes, they surely will fail and can lead to societal collapse because there food chain would fail. Plants depends on microbes to fix nitrogen or give it key nutrients to help the plants flourish. This example he uses early on in the book really set the tone for the rest of the examples and how far a single microbe influence can have a snowball effect on us. Ed starts the reader’s journey with Baba, a pangolin at the San Diego Zoo with Baba’s keeper swabbing the Baba’s body to understand his microbiome. Ed lays out the foundation to the rest of the book by explaining basic key terms and concepts of the diversity of microbes on the body. As the book progress, Ed goes into the importance of microbes to humans. He states that if animals were sterile, free of any microbes, they would die. For example, if sap-sucking bugs lack their bacteria in their gut, they would parish because they wouldn’t be able to get all the nutrients they need without those important bacteria. Like Baba, humans have their own unique microbiome throughout their body, like the how the skin microflora differs from the gut microflora. This diversity on the human body is so interesting, that even the microflora of the right hand would be different than the microflora of the left hand. This diversity is also unique from person to person. The journey of a human obtaining their own unique microbiome starts at birth. In the womb, the fetus is completely sterile, but during birth, the baby obtains its first microbes can be traced back to their mom. He does goes into how the differences of birthing method, vaginal and cesarean section affects a child’s first microbes. These microbes can affect the child’s immune responses in the future. Even having a pet or an older sibling in the development of a child can may reduce the possibility of allergies of the child as a result of constant exposure at a young age to a variety of microbes from diverse locations. This trains the immune system at an early age to help fight infections later in life. It is emphasized that a mother is the biggest player in shaping the child’s microbiome. Not just from the birthing method, but also the role of breast milk. Yong divulges in the amazing properties of break milk for babies on how it plays a huge role on a babies gut microbiota. Breast milk is one of humans first prebiotic for a baby, since it not only nourishes and protect the immune system of the baby, but provides nutrients to the child’s first set of bacteria, L. infantilis in their gut. Yong even states that the gut microbiome can also affect behavior. He starts his example with lab mice, and if pregnant mother with infection during pregnancy, it can have healthy offspring that can have behavioral abnormalities in adulthood such as repetitive behaviors and social aversion, which is similar to the humans conditions of autism and schizophrenia. When looking at the gut microbiota diversity of a mice with such quirks to a normal mouse, there is a difference in the variety, even when everything is the same, such as environment and nutrition. This behavior in mice is relates to behavior in autistic individuals, although it is stated that mice don’t have autism since autism, according to Emily Willingham, is shaped by society and what seems to be normal. When gut microbes from autistic children were transplanted into the gut of healthy mice, the mice’s behavior did change by repetitive burying of a marble and low frequency of squeaks, which could be related to autistic behaviors of children. Yong mentions that that the gut microbe are partially responsible for such behaviors in autistic children, but it cannot be the sole reason. Fascinatingly, germ free mice that lacked a gut microbiome had behavior differences of their normal microbiota counterpart, these mice were more timid. When introduced to the bacteria commonly found in yoghurt and dairy products, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, specifically the strain JB-1 to their gut, the mice were able to overcome anxiety through the same tests that were made to test psychiatric drugs. Apparently, the strain JB-1 acted like a low dose of anti-anxiety and antidepressants, according to Cyan from the University of Cork. The researched looked into the brains of the mice of JB-1 and showed that brains response to GABA changed with the strain. The suspected that the nerve that that carries signal from the brain to gut aided JB-1 in the influence of the improved behavior in the mice. Yong informs reader of current research that correlated the behavior to the gut microbiota, demonstrated that there is more than meets the eye of the microflora animals. Not only does the book go into detail of the symbiosis humans and their microbes, it proved examples of how microorganisms help with survival of the host, like the illuminating Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid. When the Hawaiian bobtail squid hatches from their egg, it is born without V. fischeri. Interestingly enough, the bobtail squid has immature crypts which houses these bacteria. When V. fischeri goes to colonize the squid. Once these bacteria colonize the squid, it start to mature the remaining organs to help it survive in their environment. It take more than just a few of the V. fischeri to help the Hawaiian bobtail squid survive. Once the bacteria reached a certain threshold of one turn on their bioluminescent to hide the bobtail squid’s shadow in the water and also produce antimicrobial properties to it can reduce competition by making it impossible for other microbes to occupy the bobtail. In exchange for helping the bobtail squid V. fischeri gains protection and a constant supply of nutrients. The symbiosis of a microorganism and its host can be an indicator of the health of the host and environment, such as dying coral reefs on Christmas Island. The dying reefs are a prime example of a delicate balance of the symbiosis of microbes, because a reason for these reefs to dye is algae. The rise of algae is a result of the disruption of the food chain, such as the decrease of sharks. Sharks host an abundance of algae, if they are gone, the algae population stays in the water as wells are the production of dissolved organic carbon. This dissolved organic carbon will allow the microbe populations toe exponentially increase; therefore, consuming all the surrounding oxygen, essentially chocking the corals. Usually there are 10 percent of the local microbe species in coral are pathogenic and cause disease because the normal coral microflora keeps the population of microbes in check. Around Christmas Island it is around 50 percent because of the abundance of nutrients from the algae. As coral die, it makes room for more of this algae to grow, which leads to a never ending cycle of dying coral and flourishing microbial community and algae. As Yong enlightens readers of the benefit of microbes in the world, he leads us to microbes place in medical field. Like his previous example of the how microbes can affect behavior, he leads us to thinking about the potential uses of microbes in treating diseases or maximizing the effect of medicine. For example, digoxin has been used to treat patients with hearts that are failing, but it the patients has Eggerthella lenta in their gut microbiome, digoxin will not work because the bacteria converts the drug into an inactive form. This isn’t the only drug and microbe pair that affect treatment. Yong brings up fecal transplant or a more refined and cleaner version to be the future of treatments, not just in behavior but in all sorts of treatments to help reduce symptoms or treat disease. Even brings up that inside the hospital is riddling with a high concentrations pathogenic microbes, but if a window is just opened to allow the outside microbes to come in and occupy space in the hospital. These outside microbes in the environment will push out and decrease the pathogenic microbial population. Readers do not need to come from a science background to read and thoroughly understand this book, because Ed Yong wonderfully explains the purpose of each example and how it correlated back the balance of a delicate symbiosis of the microbe and its host. This book is amazing to for readers of all backgrounds, but I would recommend this book to mothers, physicians and health fanatics since Ed Yong displays the importance of microbes to the positive health of the human body and the environment. A disruption of microbes can cause huge impact on the host or environment, which can allow us to pinpoint the cause of the disruption. Microbes and their effects are great indicator of the health of where it is occupying. Essentially, microbes are not as evil as we have been taught to think. The issue with Ed Yong’s book is the fact he didn’t mention quorum sensing one in the book, because that would help the reader understand how microbes effect their own population or the community they live with. Also, Ed Yong jumped around a lot in examples, I felt like he could have separated examples by relevance. Personally, I would have started his examples with the symbiosis of the bugs then to talk about the corals the impact of environments. Then use antibiotic resistance as a transition from animals to humans, then go into behaviors affected by microbes. He could have concluded with fecal matter transplant and using microbes as treatments and then ended with the research of tracking a building’s, new or old microbiome. It took until the end to understand the purpose of this book, because Yong starts out with going on this adventure to understand the world of microbes without giving a reason. It later chapters, everything comes together on why this subject is important. The future of medicine and treatments could possibly lie in the hands of the microscopic organisms. Even understanding the environmental health can be indicated by the concentration or shift in diversity of microbes. He mentions that probiotics would be uniquely prescribed to patients with a nutrient regime to either enhance to effectiveness of medicine or to be the medicine itself to help with certain symptoms or diseases. Over all, Ed Yong did an amazing job on informing readers on the world of microbes in a way that a variety of backgrounds could understand.
Review: Multitudes of microbes - This is a fine book about microbial evolution. I makes the case for the thesis that microbes are ubiquitous, important and understudied. It looks at the relationship between mucrobes and humans, but also delves into the relstionships between microbes and many other animals. Plants and fungi were not so well represented. The book is accessible and well-written. A slight issue was some youthful wow factor. The author sometimes enthused about things that I thought were old hat. My other main criticisms are errors of omission. I usually feel pretty mean-spirited criticing books for what is not in them, but it sometimes needs doing. The book's focus on microbes - but it also discusses a number of topics related to symbiology - since microbes are often animal symbionts. However, these discussions always revolved around microbial examples. For example the obesity epidemic was discussed, while the smoking epidemic was not. The reason, obesity is partly-mediated by microbial symbionts (candida, etc) - while smoking involves a symbiosis between humans and a plant. With obesity, microbes are involved, but so are cultural symbionts - memes. In the case of the obseity epidemic it is hard to have a sensible discussion without considering which aspects are influenced by memes and which involves genes in humans and plants and microbes. Here the author focuses on the influence of microbes and treatments involving fecal transplants. In this and some other cases, the microbial focus starts to look blinkered. I guess I was more interested in the symbiology than the microbes. Overall, the book had a fairly reasonable balance between theory and examples, but I still wanted more theory - and fewer examples. The book was a lot like a microbial natural history program. Natural history programs are often short on theory. To give an example, the book discusses the hypothesis that symbionts make their hosts more sociable - to spread between them better when they engage in social contact. This is in my opinion, a big and important hypothesis. However the book only gives it one short paragraph. I wanted more. Having criticized a but, this is still a great book on microbes. I has got to be rated pretty high on the list of popular science books on the topic. Good job. Ed has some related videos and articles online if you want a trailer. Many of these are also worthwhile. I plan to follow Ed Yong's work in the future.

## Technical Specifications

| Specification | Value |
|---------------|-------|
| Best Sellers Rank | #31,454 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #1 in Microbiology (Books) #11 in Natural History (Books) #27 in History of Medicine (Books) |
| Customer Reviews | 4.6 out of 5 stars 4,204 Reviews |

## Images

![I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life - Image 1](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81y04MqpzHL.jpg)

## Customer Reviews

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ LOVE!
*by K***A on January 13, 2017*

“I Contain Multitudes” by Ed Yong explains in 355 pages the amazing benefit that microbes have on earth and in us. This 2016 non-fiction novel informs his readers about the world of microbes and the symbiotic relations they have with their host through a variety of examples as the author dives into the world of microbes. Ed Yong is an award winning science writer that breaks down this new small world in easy to digest layman examples to educate readers the importance of these small organisms with their host. He has traveled to many institutions and spoke the experts of various fields in the world of microbiology to understand the tremendous impact that microbes have. He mainly goes into the world of animals and their relationship with microbes, but he wonderfully connects these examples to help us understand the future of probiotics and disease in humans. As Yong goes into his examples, it is clear that the microbial world is in a delicate balance with our reality. Although he does focuses on animal, mainly humans and their relationship with microbes, he does points out that Jack Gilbert and Josh Neufeld stated if plants were don’t have any microbes, they surely will fail and can lead to societal collapse because there food chain would fail. Plants depends on microbes to fix nitrogen or give it key nutrients to help the plants flourish. This example he uses early on in the book really set the tone for the rest of the examples and how far a single microbe influence can have a snowball effect on us. Ed starts the reader’s journey with Baba, a pangolin at the San Diego Zoo with Baba’s keeper swabbing the Baba’s body to understand his microbiome. Ed lays out the foundation to the rest of the book by explaining basic key terms and concepts of the diversity of microbes on the body. As the book progress, Ed goes into the importance of microbes to humans. He states that if animals were sterile, free of any microbes, they would die. For example, if sap-sucking bugs lack their bacteria in their gut, they would parish because they wouldn’t be able to get all the nutrients they need without those important bacteria. Like Baba, humans have their own unique microbiome throughout their body, like the how the skin microflora differs from the gut microflora. This diversity on the human body is so interesting, that even the microflora of the right hand would be different than the microflora of the left hand. This diversity is also unique from person to person. The journey of a human obtaining their own unique microbiome starts at birth. In the womb, the fetus is completely sterile, but during birth, the baby obtains its first microbes can be traced back to their mom. He does goes into how the differences of birthing method, vaginal and cesarean section affects a child’s first microbes. These microbes can affect the child’s immune responses in the future. Even having a pet or an older sibling in the development of a child can may reduce the possibility of allergies of the child as a result of constant exposure at a young age to a variety of microbes from diverse locations. This trains the immune system at an early age to help fight infections later in life. It is emphasized that a mother is the biggest player in shaping the child’s microbiome. Not just from the birthing method, but also the role of breast milk. Yong divulges in the amazing properties of break milk for babies on how it plays a huge role on a babies gut microbiota. Breast milk is one of humans first prebiotic for a baby, since it not only nourishes and protect the immune system of the baby, but provides nutrients to the child’s first set of bacteria, L. infantilis in their gut. Yong even states that the gut microbiome can also affect behavior. He starts his example with lab mice, and if pregnant mother with infection during pregnancy, it can have healthy offspring that can have behavioral abnormalities in adulthood such as repetitive behaviors and social aversion, which is similar to the humans conditions of autism and schizophrenia. When looking at the gut microbiota diversity of a mice with such quirks to a normal mouse, there is a difference in the variety, even when everything is the same, such as environment and nutrition. This behavior in mice is relates to behavior in autistic individuals, although it is stated that mice don’t have autism since autism, according to Emily Willingham, is shaped by society and what seems to be normal. When gut microbes from autistic children were transplanted into the gut of healthy mice, the mice’s behavior did change by repetitive burying of a marble and low frequency of squeaks, which could be related to autistic behaviors of children. Yong mentions that that the gut microbe are partially responsible for such behaviors in autistic children, but it cannot be the sole reason. Fascinatingly, germ free mice that lacked a gut microbiome had behavior differences of their normal microbiota counterpart, these mice were more timid. When introduced to the bacteria commonly found in yoghurt and dairy products, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, specifically the strain JB-1 to their gut, the mice were able to overcome anxiety through the same tests that were made to test psychiatric drugs. Apparently, the strain JB-1 acted like a low dose of anti-anxiety and antidepressants, according to Cyan from the University of Cork. The researched looked into the brains of the mice of JB-1 and showed that brains response to GABA changed with the strain. The suspected that the nerve that that carries signal from the brain to gut aided JB-1 in the influence of the improved behavior in the mice. Yong informs reader of current research that correlated the behavior to the gut microbiota, demonstrated that there is more than meets the eye of the microflora animals. Not only does the book go into detail of the symbiosis humans and their microbes, it proved examples of how microorganisms help with survival of the host, like the illuminating Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid. When the Hawaiian bobtail squid hatches from their egg, it is born without V. fischeri. Interestingly enough, the bobtail squid has immature crypts which houses these bacteria. When V. fischeri goes to colonize the squid. Once these bacteria colonize the squid, it start to mature the remaining organs to help it survive in their environment. It take more than just a few of the V. fischeri to help the Hawaiian bobtail squid survive. Once the bacteria reached a certain threshold of one turn on their bioluminescent to hide the bobtail squid’s shadow in the water and also produce antimicrobial properties to it can reduce competition by making it impossible for other microbes to occupy the bobtail. In exchange for helping the bobtail squid V. fischeri gains protection and a constant supply of nutrients. The symbiosis of a microorganism and its host can be an indicator of the health of the host and environment, such as dying coral reefs on Christmas Island. The dying reefs are a prime example of a delicate balance of the symbiosis of microbes, because a reason for these reefs to dye is algae. The rise of algae is a result of the disruption of the food chain, such as the decrease of sharks. Sharks host an abundance of algae, if they are gone, the algae population stays in the water as wells are the production of dissolved organic carbon. This dissolved organic carbon will allow the microbe populations toe exponentially increase; therefore, consuming all the surrounding oxygen, essentially chocking the corals. Usually there are 10 percent of the local microbe species in coral are pathogenic and cause disease because the normal coral microflora keeps the population of microbes in check. Around Christmas Island it is around 50 percent because of the abundance of nutrients from the algae. As coral die, it makes room for more of this algae to grow, which leads to a never ending cycle of dying coral and flourishing microbial community and algae. As Yong enlightens readers of the benefit of microbes in the world, he leads us to microbes place in medical field. Like his previous example of the how microbes can affect behavior, he leads us to thinking about the potential uses of microbes in treating diseases or maximizing the effect of medicine. For example, digoxin has been used to treat patients with hearts that are failing, but it the patients has Eggerthella lenta in their gut microbiome, digoxin will not work because the bacteria converts the drug into an inactive form. This isn’t the only drug and microbe pair that affect treatment. Yong brings up fecal transplant or a more refined and cleaner version to be the future of treatments, not just in behavior but in all sorts of treatments to help reduce symptoms or treat disease. Even brings up that inside the hospital is riddling with a high concentrations pathogenic microbes, but if a window is just opened to allow the outside microbes to come in and occupy space in the hospital. These outside microbes in the environment will push out and decrease the pathogenic microbial population. Readers do not need to come from a science background to read and thoroughly understand this book, because Ed Yong wonderfully explains the purpose of each example and how it correlated back the balance of a delicate symbiosis of the microbe and its host. This book is amazing to for readers of all backgrounds, but I would recommend this book to mothers, physicians and health fanatics since Ed Yong displays the importance of microbes to the positive health of the human body and the environment. A disruption of microbes can cause huge impact on the host or environment, which can allow us to pinpoint the cause of the disruption. Microbes and their effects are great indicator of the health of where it is occupying. Essentially, microbes are not as evil as we have been taught to think. The issue with Ed Yong’s book is the fact he didn’t mention quorum sensing one in the book, because that would help the reader understand how microbes effect their own population or the community they live with. Also, Ed Yong jumped around a lot in examples, I felt like he could have separated examples by relevance. Personally, I would have started his examples with the symbiosis of the bugs then to talk about the corals the impact of environments. Then use antibiotic resistance as a transition from animals to humans, then go into behaviors affected by microbes. He could have concluded with fecal matter transplant and using microbes as treatments and then ended with the research of tracking a building’s, new or old microbiome. It took until the end to understand the purpose of this book, because Yong starts out with going on this adventure to understand the world of microbes without giving a reason. It later chapters, everything comes together on why this subject is important. The future of medicine and treatments could possibly lie in the hands of the microscopic organisms. Even understanding the environmental health can be indicated by the concentration or shift in diversity of microbes. He mentions that probiotics would be uniquely prescribed to patients with a nutrient regime to either enhance to effectiveness of medicine or to be the medicine itself to help with certain symptoms or diseases. Over all, Ed Yong did an amazing job on informing readers on the world of microbes in a way that a variety of backgrounds could understand.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Multitudes of microbes
*by T***R on November 18, 2018*

This is a fine book about microbial evolution. I makes the case for the thesis that microbes are ubiquitous, important and understudied. It looks at the relationship between mucrobes and humans, but also delves into the relstionships between microbes and many other animals. Plants and fungi were not so well represented. The book is accessible and well-written. A slight issue was some youthful wow factor. The author sometimes enthused about things that I thought were old hat. My other main criticisms are errors of omission. I usually feel pretty mean-spirited criticing books for what is not in them, but it sometimes needs doing. The book's focus on microbes - but it also discusses a number of topics related to symbiology - since microbes are often animal symbionts. However, these discussions always revolved around microbial examples. For example the obesity epidemic was discussed, while the smoking epidemic was not. The reason, obesity is partly-mediated by microbial symbionts (candida, etc) - while smoking involves a symbiosis between humans and a plant. With obesity, microbes are involved, but so are cultural symbionts - memes. In the case of the obseity epidemic it is hard to have a sensible discussion without considering which aspects are influenced by memes and which involves genes in humans and plants and microbes. Here the author focuses on the influence of microbes and treatments involving fecal transplants. In this and some other cases, the microbial focus starts to look blinkered. I guess I was more interested in the symbiology than the microbes. Overall, the book had a fairly reasonable balance between theory and examples, but I still wanted more theory - and fewer examples. The book was a lot like a microbial natural history program. Natural history programs are often short on theory. To give an example, the book discusses the hypothesis that symbionts make their hosts more sociable - to spread between them better when they engage in social contact. This is in my opinion, a big and important hypothesis. However the book only gives it one short paragraph. I wanted more. Having criticized a but, this is still a great book on microbes. I has got to be rated pretty high on the list of popular science books on the topic. Good job. Ed has some related videos and articles online if you want a trailer. Many of these are also worthwhile. I plan to follow Ed Yong's work in the future.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐ From Squids to Newborns: The Secret Universe of Microbes
*by M***N on January 25, 2026*

All of us have a microbiome: a community of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and archaea, that reside on the surface of or within our bodies. There are billions, and they are everywhere. There are likely more bacteria in your gut than stars in the galaxy. This book is about all of them. Microbes come in many forms: commensal, where an organism benefits from another without causing any harm (e.g. bacteria on the human skin); mutualism, where both organisms benefit (gut bacteria aiding in digestion while producing essential vitamins); parasitic, where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host); and more. It is in this sense, all considered, in which we contain multitudes. What I enjoyed about the text was the author's authentic scientific curiosity that oozed through the pages. The book follows a clear cadence:: In the beginning stages, we get an overview of the beginnings and background of the field of microbiology. These discussions revolved around seminal figures such as Leeuwenhoek, Martinus Beijerinck, Robert Hooke, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Heinrich Anton de Bary, and more. In the middle we get a tour in the form of numerous examples of how microbes shape nature and us, from human development and health, to coral reefs and squid. And towards the end the discussion revolves around ways we can utilize our knowledge and harness microbes for the greater good (e.g. Wolbachia to block dengue, microbiome-guided medicine, ecological approaches rather than carpet-bombing with antibiotics). Some memorable discussions include: - Hawaiian bobtail squid. It recruits luminous bacteria called Vibrio fischeri that at night matches the moonlight so that it's silhouetted shadow is cancelled and therefore it can more effectively evade predation. This section reviews the seminal work of Margaret McFall-Ngai and colleagues on the Vibrio fischeri–bobtail squid symbiosis, touching on the physics and chemistry that guide colonization. The latter is treated briefly and can be a bit misleading: the text says cilia on the light organ create a “turbulent” current that draws in bacteria, but at this microscopic scale the flow is laminar (Stokes) flow, more like syrup than a whirlwind. Ciliary beating produces directed micro-currents and near-surface vortices that focus particles of bacterial size—V. fischeri among them—while mucus and chemistry do the filtering. Even so, the background, science, and people behind these discoveries are fascinating. - Wolbachia. Discussions involving this bacteria reoccur throughout the book. Besides being the author's favorite microbe, it is a quintessential example of the dual nature of microbes as being both partners or parasites depending on the context. It's an intracellular bacterium that lives in the cells of a huge fraction of arthropods and probably the most common animal symbiont on Earth. It is said to infect at least four in every ten species of arthropods, the animal group that includes insects, spiders, scorpions, and more. The way it can manipulate speciation, reproduction, and anything from nematodes to leaves of apple trees is fascinating. The bigger lesson here is that they flip the old script -- equating germs to enemies -- upside down. It is a classic example of microbes being ecosystem engineers inside animals, as selfish manipulators or indispensable partners depending on how you look at it. Through them, we can learn how to harness microbes responsibly. - Coral Reefs. They are a diverse underwater ecosystem built by coral polyps They are considered a holobiont, which is a community comprised of a host and many other species living around it or benefiting directly from it. This dense microbiome is comprised of bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi. Coral reefs are essential for the health of many oceanic ecosystems. When heat and pollution enter the fray, many of the symbiotic partnerships inside of the coral reefs unravel. - Newborns. From the moment of conception to breastfeeding, a newborn's life is surrounded by a surfeit amount of microbes. Early life is a critical window where the right balance of microbial exposure must be struck: too many can cause harm; too few can tilt the axis of susceptibility towards asthma and allergies. There are interesting discussions revolving around the early use of antibiotics, HMOs, IgA antibodies, and more. While I do think the book is interesting and would be worthwhile to any prospective reader with a broad scientific interest, I would more pointedly recommend this book to someone who is interested in the subject matter, or anything tangential to it. It's not an academic level text and therefore there wouldn't be any pre-requisites to picking it up and learning. That being said, if you are not interested or do not have at least a little bit of background in layman science you may easily get bored or lost.

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